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浅谈英国建筑PPT

假若今天有机会搬家换个地方住,如果要在新房子和老房子之间做出选择,你会怎么选择呢?传统观念上,也许有些人偏好新建屋,但在英国,房子其实是越老越值钱的,部分...
假若今天有机会搬家换个地方住,如果要在新房子和老房子之间做出选择,你会怎么选择呢?传统观念上,也许有些人偏好新建屋,但在英国,房子其实是越老越值钱的,部分房价甚至会是新成屋的两倍以上英国街道的建筑平均寿命长达132年,因此走在街上其实不难遇见百年古迹,因为天灾少加上维护文化资产的人文意识,许多历史悠久的建筑皆良好地保存至今。英国对文化历史的重视可以说是整个国家的共识,甚至有保护环境与古迹的民间组织国民信托组织(National Trust),以会员融资形式保护历史遗产,同时也是全英国会员最多的组织。于是在这样致力保存文化的风气下,历年来不同时期的建筑也因此受到维护保留。几个世纪以来,英国建筑风格变化甚剧,多年前的运动和风格至今仍发挥着影响,深具魅力。这篇文章让我们来看看英国从15世纪末开始的一些主要的、最突出的和最具标志性的建筑风格。都铎时期(Tudor)都铎时代建筑风格一般指的是自15世纪晚期到17世纪早期,并没有涵盖都铎王朝的整个时期(1485年至1603年),是英国中世纪建筑发展的最后一个阶段。典型的都铎建筑的特色包括石砌烟囱、具有方形或菱形窗格的栅格窗户、半木结构边框的外型以及山形墙与尖斜屋顶。The Tudor architectural style generally refers to the period from the late 15th century to the early 17th century and does not cover the entire period of the Tudor dynasty (1485 to 1603), and was the last stage in the development of medieval architecture in England. Typical Tudor features include stone chimneys, grid windows with square or diamond panes, half-timbered border profiles, and pediments with pointed pitched roofs.相较于其他中世纪教堂和城堡等贵族阶级建筑,约莫就是从都铎时期开始平民阶层的房子也被保存下来,许多都铎式建筑皆作为住宅、剧院和酒馆等使用,色彩和整体外观设计也较简约朴实。巴洛克式(Baroque)以义大利文艺复兴建筑为基础发展的巴洛克式建筑与装饰风格,在17世纪晚期的英国颇受欢迎。外型特征以繁复的雕刻和鲜明的色彩著称,强调动态感,使用大量曲面及椭圆形空间,被视为是古典主义风格的高度精致呈现。The Baroque style of architecture and decoration, based on Italian Renaissance architecture, was popular in England in the late 17th century. The exterior features are characterized by intricate carvings and vivid colors, emphasizing a sense of dynamism, using a large number of curved surfaces and oval spaces, and are regarded as highly refined representations of the classical style.第一座宏伟的巴洛克式郊外庄园在1690年代晚期出现,许多此建筑风格运动最具指标性的代表人物,都活跃于这段时间,包括克里斯多弗·雷恩爵士(Sir Christopher Wren)、约翰·范布勒爵士(Sir John Vanbrugh) 和尼古拉斯·霍克斯穆尔(Nicholas Hawksmoor)。乔治亚风格(Georgian)乔治亚建筑风格时期约莫落在西元1780年至1820年,受古罗马建筑影响,建筑给人的感觉对称且厚实。乔治亚建筑的特色为古典的外观和精致的内部结构。代表性色彩包括淡紫、淡粉、浅绿和浅蓝色,墙面通常以单一色彩呈现,天花板则会区分成多个区块,而挑高的天花板和镶板门也是经典的特征。著名的摄政街(Regent Street)便是以乔治亚风格闻名,由热爱时尚的摄政王乔治四世(George IV)所主导修建,整体形象朴实大气且整齐划一。而在19世纪初再次兴盛的相似建筑形式则称为「新乔治亚建筑(Neo-Georgian)」,此风格延续到20世纪初。Georgian architecture dates from about 1780 to 1820, influenced by ancient Roman architecture, which gives people a symmetrical and thick feel. Georgian architecture is characterized by a classical façade and refined interiors. Typical colors include lilac, pale pink, light green and light blue, the walls are usually presented in a single color, the ceiling is divided into multiple blocks, and the high ceilings and paneled doors are also classic features. The famous Regent Street is famous for its Georgian style, built under the leadership of the fashion-loving Prince George IV, and the overall image is simple and uniform. A similar architectural form that flourished again in the early 19th century was called "Neo-Georgian", a style that continued into the early 20th century.维多利亚仿歌德式(Victorian mock gothic architecture)维多利亚时期(1837-1901)的英国建筑丰富且多样,包含中世纪、文艺复兴、都铎和仿哥德式建筑风格等等。这些早期建筑风格常有不少高度精致的细节,随着建筑工法逐渐发展,在呈现细节时也不若以往需要耗费大量人力时间,最显著的例子便是因工业革命发展而问世的玻璃及钢铁,新建材除了赋予建筑全新的风貌,也大大激发新世代建筑师们的创造力。Victorian (1837-1901) British architecture is rich and diverse, including medieval, Renaissance, Tudor and imitation Gothic architectural styles. These early architectural styles often have a lot of highly elaborate details, and as the construction method has evolved,the details have not been as labor-intensive as in the past, the most notable examples being glass and steel, which were introduced due to the development of the Industrial Revolution, and new materials not only gave the building a new look, but also greatly stimulated the creativity of the new generation of architects.维多利亚式建筑常见的特色为赤陶砖、方格窗、多色砌砖、装饰大壁炉、白漆木工和铁铸栅栏等等,而陡峭的屋顶亦相当适合改装作为阁楼空间使用。爱德华式(Edwardian Architecture)爱德华时期建筑风格涵盖了西元1901到1918年,涵盖了英国国王爱德华七世(Edward VII)的在位期间。受到乔治亚时期与中世纪风格的影响,爱德华式英国建筑与前一时期的维多利亚风格相比,形式不再那么精巧复杂。整体用色较鲜明,墙壁较不易脏污,且拥有可容纳大厅的额外空间。The Edwardian architectural style covers the period from 1901 to 1918 and covers the reign of King Edward VII of England. Influenced by Georgian and medieval styles, Edwardian English architecture is less elaborate and complex than the Victorian style of the previous period. The overall color is brighter, the walls are less prone to dirt, and there is extra space for the lobby.像是小型玻璃嵌窗、粗糙铸墙、桁架结构、木造前廊和搭配地毯的裸面地板等等,皆是典型的爱德华建筑特色。装饰艺术时期(British Art Deco)诞生于二战间期,西元1925到1939年间的装饰艺术时期除建筑之外,也广泛影响世界各地的绘画、家具、工艺、珠宝等等。英国建筑在此时期呈现整体创新和谐的感觉,并以现代性与简单性为代表。多以几何图形或折线装饰造型,且多使用纯色、对比色与金属色等鲜艳色彩。Born during World War II, the Art Deco period between 1925 and 1939 influenced painting, furniture, crafts, jewelry, and so on around the world, in addition to architecture. British architecture during this period presents a sense of overall innovation and harmony, represented by modernity and simplicity. Mostly decorated with geometric figures or polylines, and mostly use bright colors such as solid colors, contrasting colors and metallic colors.建筑风格外观特色包含小型圆窗、曲型角墙、平屋顶、铁横梁、曲形和人字齿轮。许多装饰艺术时期的建筑在战后才被发现,在英国不少法院、学校和其他公共建筑都具有此风格特色。1930年代英国建筑风格战后的1930年代随着科技发展,许多新型态的交通工具改变了人与人之间的联结方式,也使城乡间的关系重新被定义。因为30年代初的经济大萧条,全球各地都受到影响,这个时代的英国建筑因此外观较为朴实简约。建材以钢铁与水泥为主,特色为曲线和简约线条,整体空间也较小。平房(bungalow)与公寓(flat)在此时期越来越普遍,其中的特色包括橡木门、红土屋顶砖、假横梁和橡木板内装。1960年代英国建筑风格战后初期的建筑仅有少数继承旧式房屋建造风格,直到1960年代中期,社会才再次燃起对旧式英国建筑风格的热情,并持续关注老建筑的保存与延续。英国的建筑历史悠久,不仅在文化上、历史意义上都独具意义,某种层面上也带给英国人一种精神象征,对建筑有兴趣的朋友更是强烈建议来英国踩点,让自己沉浸在历史的氛围中。